Shikoku, the smallest of Japan's four main islands, is often overlooked by international tourists, yet it holds an invaluable wealth of cultural, historical, and natural treasures. Comprising four prefectures—Ehime, Kagawa, Kochi, and Tokushima—Shikoku offers a unique blend of ancient traditions, diverse landscapes, and local specialties that set it apart from other regions in Japan.
History: A Land of Spirituality and Tradition
Shikoku, meaning "four provinces," has a rich history dating back to ancient times. The island's first inhabitants primarily relied on agriculture and fishing, benefiting from abundant natural resources. During the Yayoi period (300 BCE–300 CE), rice cultivation was introduced, transforming local society.
However, Shikoku gained significant spiritual prominence during the Nara period (710–794) with the introduction of Buddhism. Kūkai, also known as Kōbō Daishi, is a key historical figure from Shikoku. Born in Kagawa Prefecture in the 8th century, he founded the Shingon Buddhist school and initiated the 88-temple pilgrimage, a spiritual tradition that continues to draw pilgrims from around the world.
The Feudal Era and Power Struggles
During the feudal era, Shikoku was divided into multiple fiefs, each governed by a daimyo (feudal lord). The island witnessed numerous battles between these lords, especially during the Sengoku period (15th–17th centuries), a time of internal strife in Japan.
Matsuyama Castle, located in Ehime Prefecture, is one of Japan's twelve original castles that survived this turbulent period. It stands as a testament to Shikoku's strategic importance at the time. The relative peace established by the Tokugawa shogunate in the 17th century allowed the region to prosper economically, particularly through maritime trade.
With modernization during the Meiji era (1868–1912), Shikoku, like the rest of Japan, underwent significant changes. Infrastructure improvements, such as roads and railways, made travel across the island easier. Despite these advancements, Shikoku retained much of its rural character and cultural traditions.
Today, Shikoku is celebrated for its rich history and spiritual significance, especially through the living tradition of the 88-temple pilgrimage.
Geography: A Landscape of Mountains, Rivers, and Coastlines
Shikoku’s geography is dominated by a mountain range running east to west. Mount Ishizuchi in Ehime Prefecture is the island's highest peak, reaching 1,982 meters. Considered a sacred mountain, it is a popular pilgrimage and climbing destination, offering breathtaking views of the island and surrounding sea.
The mountains of Shikoku are also home to lush forests and rivers that sustain the local ecosystem. The Iya Valley in Tokushima Prefecture is one of Japan's most remote and picturesque regions, known for its deep gorges, vine suspension bridges, and traditional villages.
Rivers play a vital role in Shikoku’s agriculture, particularly rice cultivation. The Yoshino River, which flows through Tokushima Prefecture, is one of Japan's largest and longest rivers. It is also famous for its rapids, attracting rafting enthusiasts.
The coastal plains, particularly around the cities of Takamatsu (Kagawa) and Matsuyama (Ehime), are more densely populated and serve as the island's economic hubs. These coastal areas enjoy a temperate climate, making them ideal for agriculture and urban development.
Shikoku is surrounded by the Seto Inland Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The island’s coastline is dotted with small fishing towns, sandy beaches, and bustling ports. The islands of the Seto Inland Sea, such as Shodoshima, are renowned for their scenic beauty and olive groves, a rarity in Japan.
The climate varies across Shikoku, with mild winters along the Seto Inland Sea and hot, humid summers along the Pacific coast. This climatic diversity contributes to the island's rich agricultural output.
Specialties: Culinary and Craftsmanship Treasures
Shikoku’s cuisine reflects the island’s abundant natural resources and culinary traditions. Sanuki udon, a thick noodle from Kagawa Prefecture, is one of the region's most famous dishes. Made from locally grown wheat, it is often served in a light broth with various toppings.
Another popular delicacy is katsuo no tataki, a flame-seared bonito dish from Kochi Prefecture. This dish is typically served with sea salt or ponzu sauce, along with aromatic herbs like shiso and ginger.
Shikoku is also famous for its citrus fruits, particularly yuzu, which is used in a variety of dishes and beverages. Fresh seafood, including oysters and sashimi, forms the cornerstone of the local diet.
Traditional craftsmanship is an integral part of Shikoku’s culture. Tokushima Prefecture is renowned for its indigo dyeing, a natural dyeing technique that has been practiced for centuries. Known as aizome, this craft produces textiles celebrated for their deep blue hues and durability.
Shikoku is also a hub for ceramics, particularly in the Tobe region of Ehime Prefecture. Tobe pottery, characterized by its white clay and sturdy craftsmanship, is prized for its quality and elegant designs.
The region is known for its vibrant traditional festivals, such as the Awa Odori in Tokushima. This famous dance festival, held every August, draws thousands of visitors who come to watch parades of dancers in traditional costumes moving to the rhythm of Japanese folk music.
Conclusion: Shikoku, A Region Worth Discovering
With its rich history, diverse geography, and unique specialties, Shikoku is a Japanese region waiting to be explored. Whether walking in the footsteps of Buddhist pilgrims, marveling at breathtaking natural landscapes, or savoring delicious local cuisine, Shikoku offers an authentic and unforgettable experience. This island, both humble and fascinating, is truly a hidden treasure of Japan.
Shikoku Official Website
Matsuyama Location on Maps
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